{"id":2683,"date":"2014-07-11T19:11:30","date_gmt":"2014-07-11T11:11:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cncmachinings.com\/cool-surface-grinding-china-manufacturer-images\/"},"modified":"2014-07-11T19:14:53","modified_gmt":"2014-07-11T11:14:53","slug":"cool-surface-grinding-china-manufacturer-images","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cncmachinings.com\/blog\/cool-surface-grinding-china-manufacturer-images\/","title":{"rendered":"Cool Surface Grinding China Manufacturer images"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A few nice surface <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cncmachinings.com\">grinding China<\/a> manufacturer images I found:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: P-40 Warhawk with &#8220;sharktooth&#8221; nose<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cncmachinings.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/5777541180_e1d26def50.jpg\" width=\"400\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Image by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/9161595@N03\/5777541180\">Chris Devers<\/a><\/i><br \/>\n<i><b>See <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/search\/?w=9161595@N03&amp;q=P-40\">more photos<\/a> of this, and the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk\" rel=\"nofollow\">Wikipedia<\/a> article<\/b><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Details, quoting from <i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasm.si.edu\/museum\/udvarhazy\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum<\/a><\/i> | <b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasm.si.edu\/collections\/artifact.cfm?id=A19650242000\" rel=\"nofollow\">Curtiss P-40E Warhawk (Kittyhawk IA)<\/a><\/b>:<\/p>\n<p>Whether known as the Warhawk, Tomahawk, or Kittyhawk, the Curtiss P-40 proved to be a successful, versatile fighter during the first half of World War II.  The shark-mouthed Tomahawks that Gen. Claire Chennault&#8217;s &quot;Flying Tigers&quot; flew in China against the Japanese remain among the most popular airplanes of the war.  P-40E pilot Lt. Boyd D. Wagner became the first American ace of World War II when he shot down six Japanese aircraft in the Philippines in mid-December 1941.<\/p>\n<p>Curtiss-Wright built this airplane as Model 87-A3 and delivered it to Canada as a Kittyhawk I in 1941.  It served until 1946 in No. 111 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force.  U.S. Air Force personnel at Andrews Air Force Base restored it in 1975 to represent an aircraft of the 75th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group, 14th Air Force.<\/p>\n<p><em>Donated by the Exchange Club in Memory of Kellis Forbes.<\/em> <\/p>\n<p><strong>Manufacturer:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasm.si.edu\/collections\/cons.cfm?id=596\" rel=\"nofollow\">Curtiss Aircraft Company<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Date:<\/strong><br \/>\n1939<\/p>\n<p><strong>Country of Origin:<\/strong><br \/>\nUnited States of America<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dimensions:<\/strong><br \/>\nOverall: 330 x 970cm, 2686kg, 1140cm (10ft 9 15\/16in. x 31ft 9 7\/8in., 5921.6lb., 37ft 4 13\/16in.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Materials:<\/strong><br \/>\nAll-metal, semi-monocoque<\/p>\n<p><strong>Physical Description:<\/strong><br \/>\nSingle engine, single seat, fighter aircraft.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Long Description:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhether it was the Tomahawk, Warhawk, or Kittyhawk, the Curtiss P-40 was a successful and versatile fighter aircraft during the first half of World War II. The shark-mouthed Tomahawks that General Claire Chennault led against the Japanese remain among the most popular airplanes of the war. In the Phillipines, Lt. Boyd D. Wagner became the first American ace of World War II while flying a P-40E when he shot down six Japanese aircraft during mid-December 1941. P-40s were first-line Army Air Corps fighters at the start of the war but they soon gave way to more advanced designs such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and the Lockheed P-38 Lightning (see NASM collection for both aircraft). The P-40 is not ranked among the best overall fighters of the war but it was a rugged, effective design available in large numbers early in the war when America and her allies urgently required them. The P-40 remained in production from 1939 to the end of 1944 and a total of 13, 737 were built.<\/p>\n<p>Design engineer Dr. Donovan R. Berlin layed the foundation for the P-40 in 1935 when he designed the agile, but lightly-armed, P-36 fighter equipped with a radial, air-cooled engine. The Curtiss-Wright Corporation won a production contract for 210 P-36 airplanes in 1937-the largest Army airplane contract awarded since World War I. Worldwide, fighter aircraft designs matured rapidly during the late 1930s and it was soon obvious that the P-36 was no match for newer European designs. High altitude performance in particular became a priceless commodity. Berlin attempted to improve the P-36 by redesigning it in to accommodate a turbo-supercharged Allison V-1710-11 inline, liquid-cooled engine. The new aircraft was designated the XP-37 but proved unpopular with pilots. The turbo-supercharger was not reliable and Berlin had placed the cockpit too far back on the fuselage, restricting the view to the front of the fighter. Nonetheless, when the engine was not giving trouble, the more-streamlined XP-37 was much faster than the P-36.<\/p>\n<p>Curtiss tried again in 1938. Berlin had modified another P-36 with a new Allison V-1710-19 engine. It was designated the XP-40 and first flew on October 14, 1938. The XP-40 looked promising and Curtiss offered it to Army Air Corps leaders who evaluated the airplane at Wright Field, Ohio, in 1939, along with several other fighter proposals. The P-40 won the competition, after some modifications, and Curtiss received an order for 540. At this time, the armament package consisted of two .50 caliber machine guns in the fuselage and four .30 caliber machine guns in the wings.<\/p>\n<p>After production began in March 1940, France ordered 140 P-40s but the British took delivery of these airplanes when Paris surrendered. The British named the aircraft Tomahawks but found they performed poorly in high-altitude combat over northern Europe and relegated them to low-altitude operations in North Africa. The Russians bought more than 2,000 P-40s but details of their operational history remain obscure.<\/p>\n<p>When the United States declared war, P-40s equipped many of the Army Air Corps&#8217;s front line fighter units. The plucky fighter eventually saw combat in almost every theater of operations being the most effective in the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater. Of all the CBI groups that gained the most notoriety of the entire war, and remains to this day synonymous with the P-40, is the American Volunteer Group (AVG) or the Flying Tigers. The unit was organized after the Chinese gave former U. S. Army Air Corps Captain Claire Lee Chennault almost 9 million dollars in 1940 to buy aircraft and recruit pilots to fly against the Japanese. Chennault&#8217;s most important support within the Chinese government came from Madam Chiang Kai-shek, a Lt. Colonel in the Chinese Air Force and for a time, the service&#8217;s overall commander.<\/p>\n<p>The money from China diverted an order placed by the British Royal Air Force for 100 Curtiss-Wright P-40B Tomahawks but buying airplanes was only one important step in creating a fighting air unit. Trained pilots were needed, and quickly, as tensions across the Pacific escalated. On April 15, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt quietly signed an Executive Order permitting Chennault to recruit directly from the ranks of American military reserve pilots. Within a few months, 350 flyers joined from pursuit (fighter), bomber, and patrol squadrons. In all, about half the pilots in the Flying Tigers came from the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps while the Army Air Corps supplied one-third. Factory test pilots at Bell, Consolidated, and other companies, and commercial airline pilots, filled the remaining slots.<\/p>\n<p>The Flying Tigers flew their first mission on December 20. The unit&#8217;s name was derived from the ferocious fangs and teeth painted on the nose of AVG P-40s at either side of the distinctive, large radiator air intake. The idea is said to originate from pictures in a magazine that showed Royal Air Force Tomahawks of No. 112 Squadron, operating in the western desert of North Africa, adorned with fangs and teeth painted around their air intakes. The Flying Tigers were the first real opposition the Japanese military encountered. In less than 7 months of action, AVG pilots destroyed about 115 Japanese aircraft and lost only 11 planes in air-to-air combat. The AVG disbanded on July 4, 1942, and its assets, including a few pilots, became a part of the U. S. Army Air Forces (AAF) 23rd Fighter Group in the newly activated 14th Air Force. Chennault, now a Brigadier General, assumed command of the 14th AF and by war&#8217;s end, the 23rd was one of the highest-scoring Army fighter groups. <\/p>\n<p>As wartime experience in the P-40 mounted, Curtiss made many modifications. Engineers added armor plate, better self-sealing fuel tanks, and more powerful engines. They modified the cockpit to improve visibility and changed the armament package to six, wing-mounted, .50 caliber machine guns. The P-40E Kittyhawk was the first model with this gun package and it entered service in time to serve in the AVG. The last model produced in quantity was the P-40N, the lightest P-40 built in quantity, and much faster than previous models. Curtiss built a single P-40Q. It was the fastest P-40 to fly (679 kph\/422 mph) but it could not match the performance of the P-47 Thunderbolt and the P-51 Mustang so Curtiss ended development of the P-40 series with this model. In addition to the AAF, many Allied nations bought and flew P-40s including England, France, China, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, and Turkey.<\/p>\n<p>The Smithsonian P-40E did not serve in the U. S. military. Curtiss-Wright built it in Buffalo, New York, as Model 87-A3 and delivered it to Canada as a Kittyhawk IA on March 11, 1941. It served in No. 111 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). When the Japanese navy moved to attack Midway, they sent a diversionary battle group to menace the Aleutian Islands. Canada moved No. 111 Squadron to Alaska to help defend the region. After the Japanese threat diminished, the unit returned to Canada and eventually transferred to England without its P-40s. The RCAF declared the NASM Kittyhawk IA surplus on July 27, 1946, and the aircraft eventually returned to the United States. It had several owners before ending up with the Explorer Scouts youth group in Meridian, Mississippi. During the early 1960s, the Smithsonian began searching for a P-40 with a documented history of service in the AVG but found none. In 1964, the Exchange Club in Meridian donated the Kittyhawk IA to the National Aeronautical Collection, in memory of Mr. Kellis Forbes, a local man devoted to Boys Club activities. A U. S. Air Force Reserve crew airlifted the fighter to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, on March 13, 1964. Andrews personnel restored the airplane in 1975 and painted it to represent an aircraft of the 75th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group, 14th Air Force.<\/p>\n<p> \u2022 \u2022 \u2022<\/p>\n<p>Quoting from <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Wikipedia<\/i> | <b>Curtiss P-40 Warhawk<\/b><\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>The <b><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curtiss-Wright\" rel=\"nofollow\">Curtiss<\/a> P-40 Warhawk<\/b> was an <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" rel=\"nofollow\">American<\/a> single-engine, single-seat, all-metal <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fighter_aircraft\" rel=\"nofollow\">fighter<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ground_attack_aircraft\" rel=\"nofollow\">ground attack aircraft<\/a> that first flew in 1938. It was used by the air forces of 28 nations, including those of most <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_II\" rel=\"nofollow\">Allied powers<\/a> during <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" rel=\"nofollow\">World War II<\/a>, and remained in front line service until the end of the war. It was the third most-produced American fighter, after the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_P-51_Mustang\" rel=\"nofollow\">P-51<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt\" rel=\"nofollow\">P-47<\/a>; by November 1944, when production of the P-40 ceased, 13,738 had been built, all at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curtiss-Wright\" rel=\"nofollow\">Curtiss-Wright Corporation<\/a>&#8216;s main production facility at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffalo,_New_York\" rel=\"nofollow\">Buffalo, New York<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P-36_Hawk\" rel=\"nofollow\">P-36<\/a>; this reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production and operational service.<\/p>\n<p><b>Warhawk<\/b> was the name the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Army_Air_Corps\" rel=\"nofollow\">United States Army Air Corps<\/a> adopted for all models, making it the official name in the United States for all P-40s. The <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Nations\" rel=\"nofollow\">British Commonwealth<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics\" rel=\"nofollow\">Soviet<\/a> air forces used the name <b>Tomahawk<\/b> for models equivalent to the P-40B and P-40C, and the name <b>Kittyhawk<\/b> for models equivalent to the P-40D and all later variants.<\/p>\n<p>The P-40&#8217;s lack of a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supercharger\" rel=\"nofollow\">two-stage supercharger<\/a> made it inferior to <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luftwaffe\" rel=\"nofollow\">Luftwaffe<\/a><\/i> fighters such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Messerschmitt_Bf_109\" rel=\"nofollow\">Messerschmitt Bf 109<\/a> or the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190\" rel=\"nofollow\">Focke-Wulf Fw 190<\/a> in high-altitude combat and it was rarely used in operations in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Front_(World_War_II)\" rel=\"nofollow\">Northwest Europe<\/a>. Between 1941 and 1944, however, the P-40 played a critical role with Allied air forces in three major theaters: <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_African_Campaign\" rel=\"nofollow\">North Africa<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II\" rel=\"nofollow\">Southwest Pacific<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" rel=\"nofollow\">China<\/a>. It also had a significant role in the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_East_Campaign\" rel=\"nofollow\">Middle East<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South-East_Asian_Theatre_of_World_War_II\" rel=\"nofollow\">Southeast Asia<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" rel=\"nofollow\">Eastern Europe<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleutian_Islands_Campaign\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alaska<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)\" rel=\"nofollow\">Italy<\/a>. The P-40&#8217;s performance at high altitudes was not as critical in those theaters, where it served as an <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_superiority\" rel=\"nofollow\">air superiority<\/a> fighter, bomber escort and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fighter_bomber\" rel=\"nofollow\">fighter bomber<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>P-40s first saw combat with the British Commonwealth squadrons of the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desert_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow\">Desert Air Force<\/a> (DAF) in the Middle East and North African campaigns, during June 1941. The <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow\">Royal Air Force<\/a>&#8216;s <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._112_Squadron_RAF\" rel=\"nofollow\">No. 112 Squadron<\/a> was among the first to operate Tomahawks, in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Africa\" rel=\"nofollow\">North Africa<\/a>, and the unit was the first to feature the &quot;shark mouth&quot; logo, copying similar markings on some <i>Luftwaffe<\/i> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Messerschmitt_Bf_110\" rel=\"nofollow\">Messerschmitt Bf 110<\/a> twin-engine fighters. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk#cite_note-7\" rel=\"nofollow\">[N 1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Although it gained a post-war reputation as a mediocre design, suitable only for <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Close_air_support\" rel=\"nofollow\">close air support<\/a>, more recent research including scrutiny of the records of individual Allied squadrons indicates that the P-40 performed surprisingly well as an air superiority fighter, at times suffering severe losses, but also taking a very heavy toll on enemy aircraft. The P-40 offered the additional advantage of low cost, which kept it in production as a ground-attack fighter long after it was obsolete in the air superiority role.<\/p>\n<p>As of 2008, 19 P-40s were airworthy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Space Shuttle Enterprise (starboard full view, aft)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cncmachinings.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/5778595034_76156d161e.jpg\" width=\"400\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Image by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/9161595@N03\/5778595034\">Chris Devers<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><b>See <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/search\/?ss=2&amp;w=9161595@N03&amp;q=Space Shuttle Enterprise\">more photos<\/a> of this, and the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise\" rel=\"nofollow\">Wikipedia<\/a> article<\/b><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Details, quoting from <i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasm.si.edu\/museum\/udvarhazy\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum<\/a><\/i> | <b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasm.si.edu\/collections\/artifact.cfm?id=A19860004000\" rel=\"nofollow\">Space Shuttle Enterprise<\/a><\/b>:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Manufacturer:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasm.si.edu\/collections\/cons.cfm?id=3991\" rel=\"nofollow\">Rockwell International Corporation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Country of Origin:<\/strong><br \/>\nUnited States of America<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dimensions:<\/strong><br \/>\nOverall: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. long x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.<br \/>\n(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Materials:<\/strong><br \/>\nAluminum airframe and body with some fiberglass features; payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite; thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.<\/p>\n<p> The first Space Shuttle orbiter, &quot;Enterprise,&quot; is a full-scale test vehicle used for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground; it is not equipped for spaceflight.  Although the airframe and flight control elements are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this vehicle has no propulsion system and only simulated thermal tiles because these features were not needed for atmospheric and ground tests.  &quot;Enterprise&quot; was rolled out at Rockwell International&#8217;s assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976.  In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-long approach-and-landing test flight program.  Thereafter it was used for vibration tests and fit checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World&#8217;s Fair in New Orleans.  In 1985, NASA transferred &quot;Enterprise&quot; to the Smithsonian Institution&#8217;s National Air and Space Museum.<\/p>\n<p><em>Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration<\/em><\/p>\n<p> \u2022 \u2022 \u2022<\/p>\n<p>Quoting from <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise\" rel=\"nofollow\">Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>The <b>Space Shuttle <i>Enterprise<\/i><\/b> (<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA\" rel=\"nofollow\">NASA<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbiter_Vehicle_Designation\" rel=\"nofollow\">Orbiter Vehicle Designation<\/a>: <b>OV-101<\/b>) was the first <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_orbiter\" rel=\"nofollow\">Space Shuttle orbiter<\/a>. It was built for <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA\" rel=\"nofollow\">NASA<\/a> as part of the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_program\" rel=\"nofollow\">Space Shuttle program<\/a> to perform test flights in the atmosphere.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> It was constructed without <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_main_engine\" rel=\"nofollow\">engines<\/a> or a functional <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heat_shield\" rel=\"nofollow\">heat shield<\/a>, and was therefore not capable of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceflight\" rel=\"nofollow\">spaceflight<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Originally, <i>Enterprise<\/i> had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have made it the second space shuttle to fly after <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Columbia\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Columbia<\/i><\/a>.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> However, during the construction of <i>Columbia<\/i>, details of the final design changed, particularly with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting <i>Enterprise<\/i> for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the country. As this was an expensive proposition, it was determined to be less costly to build <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Challenger\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Challenger<\/i><\/a> around a body frame (STA-099) that had been created as a test article.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> Similarly, <i>Enterprise<\/i> was considered for refit to replace <i>Challenger<\/i> after the latter was <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster\" rel=\"nofollow\">destroyed<\/a>, but <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Endeavour<\/i><\/a> was built from structural spares instead.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-name-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Service<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p>Construction began on the first orbiter on June 4, 1974.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> Designated OV-101, it was originally planned to be named <i>Constitution<\/i> and unveiled on <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_Day_(United_States)\" rel=\"nofollow\">Constitution Day<\/a>, September 17, 1976. A write-in campaign by <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trekkie\" rel=\"nofollow\">Trekkies<\/a> to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" rel=\"nofollow\">President<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerald_Ford\" rel=\"nofollow\">Gerald Ford<\/a> asked that the orbiter be named after the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)\" rel=\"nofollow\">Starship <i>Enterprise<\/i><\/a>, featured on the television show <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series\" rel=\"nofollow\">Star Trek<\/a><\/i>. Although Ford did not mention the campaign, the president\u2014who during World War II had served on the aircraft carrier <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Monterey_(CVL-26)\" rel=\"nofollow\">USS&nbsp;<i>Monterey<\/i>&nbsp;(CVL-26)<\/a> that served with <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)\" rel=\"nofollow\">USS&nbsp;<i>Enterprise<\/i>&nbsp;(CV-6)<\/a>\u2014said that he was &quot;partial to the name&quot; and overrode NASA officials.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-name-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-lewine19760906-3\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The design of OV-101 was not the same as that planned for <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Columbia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OV-102<\/a>, the first flight model; the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Orbital_Maneuvering_System\" rel=\"nofollow\">OMS<\/a> pods. A large number of subsystems\u2014ranging from main engines to radar equipment\u2014were not installed on this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Instead of a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system\" rel=\"nofollow\">thermal protection system<\/a>, its surface was primarily <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass-reinforced_plastic\" rel=\"nofollow\">fiberglass<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In mid-1976, the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests, allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight vehicle with theoretical models.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>On September 17, 1976, <i>Enterprise<\/i> was rolled out of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rockwell_International\" rel=\"nofollow\">Rockwell&#8217;s<\/a> plant at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmdale,_California\" rel=\"nofollow\">Palmdale, California<\/a>. In recognition of its fictional namesake, <i>Star Trek<\/i> creator <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gene_Roddenberry\" rel=\"nofollow\">Gene Roddenberry<\/a> and most of the principal cast of the original series of <i>Star Trek<\/i> were on hand at the dedication ceremony.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-4\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Approach and landing tests (ALT)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><em>Main article: <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Approach_and_Landing_Tests\" rel=\"nofollow\">Approach and Landing Tests<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center\" rel=\"nofollow\">Dryden Flight Research Center<\/a> at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwards_Air_Force_Base\" rel=\"nofollow\">Edwards Air Force Base<\/a>, to begin operational testing.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-basics-5\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>While at NASA Dryden, <i>Enterprise<\/i> was used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-alt-6\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym <b>ALT<\/b>, for &quot;Approach and Landing Test&quot;.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-ff-7\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> These tests included a maiden &quot;flight&quot; on February 18, 1977 atop a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_747\" rel=\"nofollow\">Boeing 747<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft\" rel=\"nofollow\">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft<\/a> (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight.<\/p>\n<p>The mated <i>Enterprise<\/i>\/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with <i>Enterprise<\/i> manned to test the shuttle flight control systems.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-tech-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Enterprise<\/i> underwent five free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These tests verified the flight characteristics of the orbiter design and were carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-ff-7\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> On the fifth and final glider flight, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilot-induced_oscillation\" rel=\"nofollow\">pilot-induced oscillation<\/a> problems were revealed, which had to be addressed before the first orbital launch occurred.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-alt-6\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle <i>Enterprise<\/i> flew on its own for the first time.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-8\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Preparation for STS-1<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Following the ALT program, <i>Enterprise<\/i> was ferried among several NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (known as a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)\" rel=\"nofollow\">boilerplate<\/a> configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center\" rel=\"nofollow\">Kennedy Space Center<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39\" rel=\"nofollow\">Launch Pad 39A<\/a>.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-name-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Retirement<\/b><\/p>\n<p>With the completion of critical testing, <i>Enterprise<\/i> was partially disassembled to allow certain components to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour visiting France, Germany, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" rel=\"nofollow\">Italy<\/a>, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alabama\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alabama<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louisiana\" rel=\"nofollow\">Louisiana<\/a> (during the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1984_Louisiana_World_Exposition\" rel=\"nofollow\">1984 Louisiana World Exposition<\/a>). It was also used to fit-check the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_6\" rel=\"nofollow\">never-used shuttle launch pad<\/a> at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base\" rel=\"nofollow\">Vandenberg AFB, California<\/a>. Finally, on November 18, 1985, <i>Enterprise<\/i> was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smithsonian_Institution\" rel=\"nofollow\">Smithsonian Institution<\/a>.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-name-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Post-<i>Challenger<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p>After the <i>Challenger<\/i> disaster, NASA considered using <i>Enterprise<\/i> as a replacement. However refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment needed for it to be used in space was considered, but instead it was decided to use spares constructed at the same time as <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Discovery\" rel=\"nofollow\">Discovery<\/a><\/i> and <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis\" rel=\"nofollow\">Atlantis<\/a><\/i> to build <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour\" rel=\"nofollow\">Endeavour<\/a><\/i>.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-name-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Post-<i>Columbia<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p>In 2003, after the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster\" rel=\"nofollow\">breakup<\/a> of <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Columbia\" rel=\"nofollow\">Columbia<\/a><\/i> during re-entry, the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board\" rel=\"nofollow\">Columbia Accident Investigation Board<\/a> conducted tests at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southwest_Research_Institute\" rel=\"nofollow\">Southwest Research Institute<\/a>, which used an air gun to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck <i>Columbia<\/i> at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from <i>Enterprise&#8217;<\/i>s wing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-Harwood-10\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> While the panel was not broken as a result of the test, the impact was enough to permanently deform a seal. As the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reinforced_carbon-carbon\" rel=\"nofollow\">reinforced carbon-carbon<\/a> (RCC) panel on <i>Columbia<\/i> was 2.5 times weaker, this suggested that the RCC leading edge would have been shattered. Additional tests on the fiberglass were canceled in order not to risk damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from <i>Discovery<\/i> was tested to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC leading edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam impact test created a hole 41&nbsp;cm by 42.5&nbsp;cm (16.1&nbsp;inches by 16.7&nbsp;inches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam impact of the type <i>Columbia<\/i> sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing leading edge.<\/p>\n<p>The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact caused a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the leading edge of <i>Columbia&#8217;s<\/i> left wing, allowing hot gases generated during re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This caused <i>Columbia<\/i> to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of the entire crew.<\/p>\n<p><b>Museum exhibit<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>Enterprise<\/i> was stored at the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smithsonian_Institution\" rel=\"nofollow\">Smithsonian&#8217;s<\/a> hangar at <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport\" rel=\"nofollow\">Washington Dulles International Airport<\/a> before it was restored and moved to the newly built Smithsonian&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Air_and_Space_Museum\" rel=\"nofollow\">National Air and Space Museum<\/a>&#8216;s <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center\" rel=\"nofollow\">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center<\/a> at Dulles International Airport, where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-hazy-0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Discovery\" rel=\"nofollow\">Space Shuttle <i>Discovery<\/i><\/a>, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection once the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that happens, <i>Enterprise<\/i> will be moved to the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intrepid_Sea-Air-Space_Museum\" rel=\"nofollow\">Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum<\/a> in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-11\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-12\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was safe to fly on the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft\" rel=\"nofollow\">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft<\/a> once again.<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise#cite_note-nsf100314-13\" rel=\"nofollow\"><\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A few nice surface grinding China manufacturer images I found: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: P-40 Warhawk with &#8220;sharktooth&#8221; nose Image by Chris Devers See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia article. Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Curtiss P-40E Warhawk (Kittyhawk IA): Whether known as the Warhawk, Tomahawk, or Kittyhawk, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2684,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[139,208,24,209,355,217],"class_list":["post-2683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-machining","tag-china","tag-cool","tag-grinding","tag-images","tag-manufacturer","tag-surface"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cool Surface Grinding China Manufacturer images<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cool Surface Grinding China Manufacturer images posted by CNC machining China services company and precision CNC machined parts Chinese manufacturer.\" 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