\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.cncmachinings.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/5679724421_16ae8d0a7c.jpg\")
\nImage by Hoa Trai Viet Nam<\/a><\/i>
\nH\u1ed3ng hay h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2y leo l\u00e2u n\u0103m thu\u1ed9c chi Rosa, h\u1ecd Rosaceae, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100 lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u00e0u hoa \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec hoa \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hoa h\u1ed3ng. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1, s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Phi. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e2y lai gh\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m.. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng vi (\u8594\u8587).
\nH\u00ecnh th\u00e1i
\n\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ecdc leo, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e0nh c\u00f3 gai. L\u00e1 k\u00e9p l\u00f4ng chim l\u1ebb, l\u00e1 ch\u00e9t kh\u00eda r\u0103ng, c\u00f3 l\u00e1 k\u00e8m. Hoa th\u01a1m, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: h\u1ed3ng, tr\u1eafng, v\u00e0ng hay \u0111\u1ecf… Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1nh do nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ef1c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ebf hoa h\u00ecnh ch\u00e9n. Qu\u1ea3 b\u1ebf, t\u1ee5 nhau trong \u0111\u1ebf hoa d\u00e0y l\u00ean th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3.
\nC\u00e1c lo\u00e0i
\nD\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i h\u1ed3ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u
\n\u2022Rosa beauvaisii: h\u1ed3ng Beauvais
\n\u2022Rosa californica: h\u1ed3ng California
\n\u2022Rosa canina: t\u1ea7m xu\u00e2n
\n\u2022Rosa chinensis: h\u1ed3ng, h\u01b0\u1eddng, nguy\u1ec7t qu\u00fd hoa
\n\u2022Rosa cymosa: h\u1ed3ng roi, t\u1ea7m xu\u00e2n
\n\u2022Rosa gallica: h\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p
\n\u2022Rosa glauca (\u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a R. rubrifolia): h\u1ed3ng l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecf
\n\u2022Rosa laevigata (\u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a R. sinica): h\u1ed3ng v\u1ee5ng, kim anh
\n\u2022Rosa leschenaultiana: h\u1ed3ng Leschenault
\n\u2022Rosa longicuspis: h\u1ed3ng m\u0169i d\u00e0i
\n\u2022Rosa multiflora: t\u1ea7m xu\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u hoa
\n\u2022Rosa pimpinellifolia: h\u1ed3ng Scotch
\n\u2022Rosa rubus: h\u1ed3ng \u0111um
\n\u2022Rosa rugosa: h\u1ed3ng Nh\u1eadt, h\u1ed3ng Rugosa Rose
\n\u2022Rosa transmorissonensis: h\u1ed3ng cho\u1eaft
\n\u2022Rosa tunquinensis: t\u1ea7m xu\u00e2n B\u1eafc, qu\u1ea7ng qu\u1ea7ng
\n\u2022Rosa virginiana (\u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a R. lucida): h\u1ed3ng Virginia
\n\u2022Rosa yunnanensis: h\u1ed3ng V\u00e2n Nam
\nHoa h\u1ed3ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a
\nV\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, hoa h\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 hoa bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hoa sen \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1nh xe. Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Triparasundari \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1eb9 th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n m\u0129 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, hoa h\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, tr\u00e1i tim, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mandala.
\nTrong h\u1ec7 tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, hoa h\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00e9n h\u1ee9ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa.
\nH\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng g\u00f4-th\u00edch v\u00e0 hoa h\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 (h\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng 32 c\u00e1nh \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 32 h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3) \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a xu h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a hoa h\u1ed3ng sang xu h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng b\u00e1nh xe.
\nSaadi de Chiraz trong \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa h\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng.
\nTrong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, hoa h\u1ed3ng, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00e0u m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. Abd Ul Kadir Gilani so s\u00e1nh hoa h\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft s\u1eb9o tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 F. Portal quan ni\u1ec7m hoa h\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh do c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb latinh rosa (hoa h\u1ed3ng) v\u1edbi ros (m\u01b0a, s\u01b0\u01a1ng). V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p hoa h\u1ed3ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i hoa m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng khi Adonis b\u1ecb t\u1eed th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Aphorodite ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gai v\u00e0 m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 nhu\u1ed9m th\u1eabm nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng cung ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0ng. Ch\u00ednh \u00fd ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u1ea5m m\u1ed9, v\u00e0 Hecate, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u00e2m ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng hoa h\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 5 l\u00e1.
\nTheo B\u00e8de, \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00eaxu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1n m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u pha l\u1eabn tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf. Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a hoa h\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00eang li\u00eang, trong s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng t\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng tr\u1eafng hay \u0111\u1ecf[4].
\nHoa h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n th\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong tr\u1eafng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a hoa sen Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e2y th\u1ee7y ti\u00ean Hy L\u1ea1p[4].
\nD\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng hay m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, hoa h\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng mang nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 "Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc". Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, hoa h\u1ed3ng m\u00e0u lam l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
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\nA rose is a perennial plant of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in a number of colours from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.[1]
\nThe name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek \u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd rhodon (Aeolic \u03b2\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd wrodon), related to Old Persian wrd-, Avestan var\u0259da, Sogdian ward, Parthian w\u00e2r, Armenian vard.[2][3]
\nBotany
\nThe leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3\u2013) 5\u20139 (\u201313) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from South east Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
\nThe flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
\nThe aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5\u2013160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
\nWhile the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically prickles \u2014 outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
\nSpecies
\nFurther information: List of Rosa species
\nThe genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:
\n\u2022Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia, R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
\n\u2022Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
\n\u2022Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii.
\n\u2022Rosa (the type subgenus) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
\noBanksianae – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
\noBracteatae – three species, two from China and one from India.
\noCaninae – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
\noCarolinae – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
\noChinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from China and Burma.
\noGallicanae – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
\noGymnocarpae – one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
\noLaevigatae – a single white flowered species from China
\noPimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
\noRosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
\noSynstylae – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
\nUses
\nRoses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover. They also have minor medicinal uses.
\nOrnamental plants
\nThe majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
\nOrnamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.[4] Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having mutated into additional petals.
\nIn the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
\nA few species and hybrids are grown for non-floral ornamental use. Among these are those grown for prominent hips, such as the flagon shaped hips of Rosa moyesii. Sometimes even the thorns can be treated as an attraction or curiosity, such as with Rosa sericea.
\nCut flowers
\nBouquet of pink roses
\nRoses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
\nIn temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in glasshouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pests and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.[5]
\nPerfume
\nMain article: Rose oil
\nRose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and in religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany.[citation needed] The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar[citation needed]. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena ‘Trigintipetala’) are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. ‘Rose Absolute’ is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.<\/p>\n
Geraniol (C10H18O)
\nThe main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. \u03b2-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
\nRose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production, is widely used in Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. The French are known for their rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the United States, this French rose syrup is used to make rose scones and marshmallows.
\nRose hips
\nThe rose hip, the fruit of some species, is used as a minor source of Vitamin C.
\nRose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and marmalade, or are brewed for tea, primarily for their high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce Rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.
\nMedicine
\nThe fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement (see previous section). Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.[6]
\nCulture
\nArt
\nRoses are a favored subject in art and therefore used in various artistic disciplines. They appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redout\u00e9 is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.<\/p>\n
Renoir’s painting of cabbage roses, Roses in a vase
\nHenri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The Rose ‘Fantin-Latour’ was named after the artist.
\nOther impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul C\u00e9zanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works.
\nSymbolism
\nFurther information: Rose (symbolism)
\nThe long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol.
\nPests and diseases
\nMain articles: Pests and diseases of roses and List of rose diseases
\nRoses are subject to several diseases. The main fungal diseases affecting the leaves are rose black spot (Diplocarpon rosae), rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), rose powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) and rose downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa). Stems can be affected by several canker diseases, the most commonly seen of which is stem canker (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium). Diseases of the root zone include honey fungus (Armillaria spp.), verticillium wilt, and various species of phytophthora.
\nFungal leaf diseases affecting roses are best prevented by choosing to grow cultivars and species known to be less susceptible to attack, and by using a preventative fungicidal spray program (rather than by trying to cure an infection after it emerges on the plant). After disease is visible, spread can be minimized through pruning and the use of fungicides, although the actual infection cannot be reversed. Stem cankers are best treated by pruning out infection as soon as it is noticed. Root diseases are not usually possible to treat, once infection has occurred; the most practical line of defence is to ensure that growing conditions maximise plant health and thereby prevent infection. Phytophthora species are waterborne and therefore improving drainage and reducing waterlogging can help reduce infection.
\nThe main pest affecting roses is the aphid (greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. (Ladybugs are a predator of aphids and should be encouraged in the rose garden.) In areas where they are endemic Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) take a heavy toll on rose flowers and foliage; rose blooms can also be destroyed by infestations of thrips (Thysanoptera spp). Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses. The spraying with insecticide of roses is often recommended but should be done with care to minimize the loss of beneficial insects.<\/p>\n
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